A verb indicates the time of an action, event or condition by changing its form. What SLPs teach a child to attend to is: (1) when the action occurs, and (2) the form the verb takes to communicate that temporal notion.
There are many ways of categorizing the twelve possible verb tenses of English. This web page is going to limit the information about verb tenses according to the time frame: present tenses, past tenses, and future tenses. Emphasis will be further limited to: simple present, present progressive, simple past, past progressive, simple future, and future progressive. Limited information on the perfect aspect of verb tenses will be given.
The communicative intent of the different verb tenses:
The temporal concepts children need to know they are communicating with the following verb tenses are:
SIMPLE PRESENT - is used to describe an action that is occurring in the present, at the moment of speaking. The simple present is used when the precise beginning or ending of a present action, event, or condition is unknown or is unimportant to the meaning of the sentence. In short, the child's communication intent is about the action, and unconcerned about time of action aspects.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - While the simple present and the present progressive are sometimes used interchangeably, the present progressive emphasizes the on-going nature of an act at the time a person is speaking. Present progressive verbs are formed by using a present tense auxiliary verb and marking the main verb with an [ing] ending.
SIMPLE PAST - The simple past is used to describe an action that occurred in the past, sometime before the moment of speaking. The regular past tense verb is marked with the [ed] ending as in (walk - walked). There are seven different ways to mark the irregular past tense verb. The most common is to change the vowel as in (sing - sang)
PAST PROGRESSIVE - The past progressive tense is used to describe actions ongoing in the past. The on-going actions took place and were completed at some point well before the time of speaking. Past progressive verbs are formed by using a past tense auxiliary verb and marking the main verb with an [ing] ending.
SIMPLE FUTURE - The simple future is used to refer to actions that will take place after the act of speaking. The verb is unmarked, but requires a future tense auxiliary verb.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE - The future progressive tense is used to describe actions ongoing in the future, after the act of speaking. Another way of expressing the meaning communicated by the future progressive verb tense is: an event that will be going on when something else happens. This form requires a future tense auxiliary verb, plus the main verb is marked with an [ing] ending.
Source: http://newton.uor.edu/facultyfolder/rider/verbtenses.htm
viernes, 20 de agosto de 2010
Reported Speech
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.
Statements
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)
Questions
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:
transform the question into an indirect question
use the interrogative or if / whether
Source: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech
Statements
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)
Questions
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:
transform the question into an indirect question
use the interrogative or if / whether
Source: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech
Passive Voice
Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
■the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
■the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
■the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Source: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
■the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
■the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
■the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Source: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive
Newspaper contribution 6: Favorite Meal
It really is a difficult task to decide which is my favorite food, to the extent that I can mention my favorite: macaroni with some tomato sauce, served with tuna, meat or alone, also spaghetti with butter, cheese and chips pepper, I also like rice with shrimp, "casado" to any "picadillo" accompanied by pork, chicken or fish and of course the “gallo pinto” with eggs and sour cream, our traditional food.
Mainly I prefer the food prepared in my home, my mom, my aunt or the meals my grandmother gave us when she lived, she was unique cooking.
I enjoy going on family Curridabat a restaurant called "El Balcón del Marisco", where I always eat "dedos de dorado", breaded shrimp or with garlic, and always rice with shrimp.
Within junk food, as a last resort, I like McDonald's with fries, cheese bourgeois, the Quarter Pounder with cheese and Big Mac. Another alternative is to Pizza Hut with their lasagna, pizza supreme and garlic bread.
Macaroni with Spiced Beef and Tomato Sauce
Ingredients:
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 pound ground sirloin
2 large onions, halved, thinly sliced
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper
1/8 teaspoon ground cloves
1/3 cup dry red wine
2 tomatoes cut into 1/2-inch pieces
1 8-ounce cans tomato sauce
8 ounces large macaroni
Freshly grated Parmesan cheese
Preparation:
Heat oil in heavy large pot over high heat. Add meat and onions and sauté until brown, about 10 minutes. Reduce heat to medium and add cinnamon, cayenne, and cloves; sauté 5 minutes. Add wine, tomatoes, and tomato sauce; simmer until mixture is thick, stirring occasionally, about 10 minutes. (Can be made 1 day ahead. Cool slightly. Chill sauce uncovered until cool, then cover and chill. Rewarm before continuing).
Cook pasta in a large pot of boiling salted water until just tender but still firm to bite, stirring occasionally. Drain. Add to sauce and toss to coat. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Transfer pasta to bowl. Sprinkle with grated Parmesan cheese and serve.
Look great, but never like my mom makes macaroni XD.
Source: http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/Macaroni-with-Spiced-Beef-and-Tomato-Sauce-106477
Mainly I prefer the food prepared in my home, my mom, my aunt or the meals my grandmother gave us when she lived, she was unique cooking.
I enjoy going on family Curridabat a restaurant called "El Balcón del Marisco", where I always eat "dedos de dorado", breaded shrimp or with garlic, and always rice with shrimp.
Within junk food, as a last resort, I like McDonald's with fries, cheese bourgeois, the Quarter Pounder with cheese and Big Mac. Another alternative is to Pizza Hut with their lasagna, pizza supreme and garlic bread.
Macaroni with Spiced Beef and Tomato Sauce
Ingredients:
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 pound ground sirloin
2 large onions, halved, thinly sliced
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper
1/8 teaspoon ground cloves
1/3 cup dry red wine
2 tomatoes cut into 1/2-inch pieces
1 8-ounce cans tomato sauce
8 ounces large macaroni
Freshly grated Parmesan cheese
Preparation:
Heat oil in heavy large pot over high heat. Add meat and onions and sauté until brown, about 10 minutes. Reduce heat to medium and add cinnamon, cayenne, and cloves; sauté 5 minutes. Add wine, tomatoes, and tomato sauce; simmer until mixture is thick, stirring occasionally, about 10 minutes. (Can be made 1 day ahead. Cool slightly. Chill sauce uncovered until cool, then cover and chill. Rewarm before continuing).
Cook pasta in a large pot of boiling salted water until just tender but still firm to bite, stirring occasionally. Drain. Add to sauce and toss to coat. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Transfer pasta to bowl. Sprinkle with grated Parmesan cheese and serve.
Look great, but never like my mom makes macaroni XD.
Source: http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/Macaroni-with-Spiced-Beef-and-Tomato-Sauce-106477
Newspaper contribution 5: Letter to GOES
August 8, 2010
To: GOES Ulacit
Letter about Debates
Dear colleagues:
First I want to express my gratitude for carrying out these important activities, to implement the knowledge acquired in courses ULACIT and share with peers and teachers our information and research on various social issues.
The first thing I want to share is that my experience was very interesting, because it feels much stronger than the "pressure" to develop the learning of English, when in front of an audience "unknown" and a jury that determines our quality of expression of ideas, certainly forces you as a student to make our best effort, was also an exhausting time of stress, like it or not.
In my recommendations: provide more time for the exposition of ideas if the participant so necessary, perhaps less public involved as a student because you feel more confident and sure of what you would like to express if you are around people who know their degree of progress in the language, not forgetting that at some moment in our lives we have to speak English with anyone we have ever seen, this recommendation rather than distrust is to bring out the best in an environment knowledge where student is satisfied and relaxed.
Finally, thank you very much for developing such activities as interesting and rewarding, throughout my student life is the first time I see a Student Government to develop activities for learners.
Best regards!
Reinaldo Hernández V.
Student Bach. Accounting
ULACIT
To: GOES Ulacit
Letter about Debates
Dear colleagues:
First I want to express my gratitude for carrying out these important activities, to implement the knowledge acquired in courses ULACIT and share with peers and teachers our information and research on various social issues.
The first thing I want to share is that my experience was very interesting, because it feels much stronger than the "pressure" to develop the learning of English, when in front of an audience "unknown" and a jury that determines our quality of expression of ideas, certainly forces you as a student to make our best effort, was also an exhausting time of stress, like it or not.
In my recommendations: provide more time for the exposition of ideas if the participant so necessary, perhaps less public involved as a student because you feel more confident and sure of what you would like to express if you are around people who know their degree of progress in the language, not forgetting that at some moment in our lives we have to speak English with anyone we have ever seen, this recommendation rather than distrust is to bring out the best in an environment knowledge where student is satisfied and relaxed.
Finally, thank you very much for developing such activities as interesting and rewarding, throughout my student life is the first time I see a Student Government to develop activities for learners.
Best regards!
Reinaldo Hernández V.
Student Bach. Accounting
ULACIT
Newspaper contribution 4: Homework
I considered that a student is important because I can learn, develop capacities, put on practice the different knowledge, acquire new topics and learn about it. Also is a good experience for student, because the students that use the free time to make and practice different scholar activities and study the subjects every day, obtain a good calcifications in every period; and I as a student, am proof that it is very important to spend some free time to study.
On the other hand when I was a kid for me and my parents were very important create the habit to study daily and do the homework very good when I arrive to the house. This will create awareness in children so that they become responsible and with a high degree of commitment to their duties.
In my opinion, some disadvantages of tasks are: if they are very large in progress, students take away too much time to devote to other activities of private life, although as students must have a certain obligation Teachers should also be aware that their students work and also need time to develop other activities or needs of life. Also another downside is that many times when you're a child, parents tend to facilitate the work and save lots of time, that they do the tasks for their children so that children learn and make a habit of that "Daddy and Mommy all do it," is also very important to get used to people from small, to complement its responsibilities and most importantly: learn to carry them out.
Finally a recommendation, if I was a teacher: seek more time for classroom activities and homework or assignments allow minors to do at home and that the student somehow it seems practice briefly in the lessons. We also encourage parents not to do the homework of their children but may be as a support or hold in case they need help and finally make them see the importance of increasing the sense of responsibility in students, because the world needs now people committed, responsible and passion for their craft.
On the other hand when I was a kid for me and my parents were very important create the habit to study daily and do the homework very good when I arrive to the house. This will create awareness in children so that they become responsible and with a high degree of commitment to their duties.
In my opinion, some disadvantages of tasks are: if they are very large in progress, students take away too much time to devote to other activities of private life, although as students must have a certain obligation Teachers should also be aware that their students work and also need time to develop other activities or needs of life. Also another downside is that many times when you're a child, parents tend to facilitate the work and save lots of time, that they do the tasks for their children so that children learn and make a habit of that "Daddy and Mommy all do it," is also very important to get used to people from small, to complement its responsibilities and most importantly: learn to carry them out.
Finally a recommendation, if I was a teacher: seek more time for classroom activities and homework or assignments allow minors to do at home and that the student somehow it seems practice briefly in the lessons. We also encourage parents not to do the homework of their children but may be as a support or hold in case they need help and finally make them see the importance of increasing the sense of responsibility in students, because the world needs now people committed, responsible and passion for their craft.
DEBATE: Immigration
From my point of view, immigration is terrible because, as some people say "is not the same be in the neighbor house, that to be in my own house." Certainly leave our country requires courage or desperation, is not an easy subject and requires high economic, social, cultural and emotional costs, for example leave your family, friends, habits, etc and and become a "burden" for the resident country.
Some causes of immigration are: political, cultural, socioeconomic, family, conflicts between countries, and others. Most people who immigrate have not secured a better future, all depends on the situation of the country that you go, is like a "gambling" because really in the current economic environment and globalization the future is uncertain, because you like a Costa Rican have work right now but tomorrow we do not know, are changes in business.
From the above, I discuss a negative point of immigration, immigrants in most cases are directed to a country and found an uncertain future, to the anguish and despair many are exploited in business, have legal problems, saturates the supply and demand for services, have needs in the absence of economic welfare.
My specific point, when immigrants carry out criminal activities in a country, destroying its image, welfare, public integrity, security and violating existing rules.
As an example a story of La Nación of May 22, where you can see that peddling facilitate the operation of criminal networks, the news detailed drug sales, labor exploitation and human trafficking; this is a conclusion of the Municipality of San Jose in conjunction with the Ministry of Security.
According to Marcelo Solano, head of the Municipal Police, crimes are committed against property, life, sexual abuse, unlawful carrying of weapons and related psychotropic "drug real networks." Among immigrants includes persons without documents and refuse to reveal their nationality.
Additionally, the Municipality identified the exploitation of minors engaged in selling goods, in exchange for food or money to buy drugs.
Also they are hiding stolen merchandise, which shows agreement between sellers and thieves.
Moreover, in these investigations of the Municipality and the Police, it was determined that Haitians, Colombians and Nicaraguans in the capital are divided according to their nationality in violation of the created spaces for pedestrians and like always doing what they please due to the disrespect for authority and absence of appropriate regulations.
These sellers have clothes, sundry accessories, illegal audios or movies.
The Municipality of San Jose agreed that the problem of street sales exceeded the response capacity of its police force because they may control the entire population of sellers, which are 1800, or ensure that their activities do not hide criminal acts.
Statistics for 2009
12000 seizures; in 2009 every day 32.
140000 pirated discs. Quantity seized and destroyed in 2009.
¢ 1.000 million. Investment in the Municipality to build a market for craftsmen.
500 fixed posts. Given to people with extreme poverty, to sell some goods.
300 municipal officials. Failure to address the problems of the capital.
In conclusion, these situations show the different needs of immigrants, the insufficiency of jobs, exploitation, low remuneration in today's market, the state's inability to control these problems, lack of promoting peaceful coexistence, indifference Costa Rican and the constant increase in crime because of need or easily.
Some causes of immigration are: political, cultural, socioeconomic, family, conflicts between countries, and others. Most people who immigrate have not secured a better future, all depends on the situation of the country that you go, is like a "gambling" because really in the current economic environment and globalization the future is uncertain, because you like a Costa Rican have work right now but tomorrow we do not know, are changes in business.
From the above, I discuss a negative point of immigration, immigrants in most cases are directed to a country and found an uncertain future, to the anguish and despair many are exploited in business, have legal problems, saturates the supply and demand for services, have needs in the absence of economic welfare.
My specific point, when immigrants carry out criminal activities in a country, destroying its image, welfare, public integrity, security and violating existing rules.
As an example a story of La Nación of May 22, where you can see that peddling facilitate the operation of criminal networks, the news detailed drug sales, labor exploitation and human trafficking; this is a conclusion of the Municipality of San Jose in conjunction with the Ministry of Security.
According to Marcelo Solano, head of the Municipal Police, crimes are committed against property, life, sexual abuse, unlawful carrying of weapons and related psychotropic "drug real networks." Among immigrants includes persons without documents and refuse to reveal their nationality.
Additionally, the Municipality identified the exploitation of minors engaged in selling goods, in exchange for food or money to buy drugs.
Also they are hiding stolen merchandise, which shows agreement between sellers and thieves.
Moreover, in these investigations of the Municipality and the Police, it was determined that Haitians, Colombians and Nicaraguans in the capital are divided according to their nationality in violation of the created spaces for pedestrians and like always doing what they please due to the disrespect for authority and absence of appropriate regulations.
These sellers have clothes, sundry accessories, illegal audios or movies.
The Municipality of San Jose agreed that the problem of street sales exceeded the response capacity of its police force because they may control the entire population of sellers, which are 1800, or ensure that their activities do not hide criminal acts.
Statistics for 2009
12000 seizures; in 2009 every day 32.
140000 pirated discs. Quantity seized and destroyed in 2009.
¢ 1.000 million. Investment in the Municipality to build a market for craftsmen.
500 fixed posts. Given to people with extreme poverty, to sell some goods.
300 municipal officials. Failure to address the problems of the capital.
In conclusion, these situations show the different needs of immigrants, the insufficiency of jobs, exploitation, low remuneration in today's market, the state's inability to control these problems, lack of promoting peaceful coexistence, indifference Costa Rican and the constant increase in crime because of need or easily.
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